References
Where this information comes from
Babesia.info cites published research rather than opinion. Every link below goes to the original paper or report so you can read it, and take it to your own clinician.
Clinical overviews
- Human babesiosis
Vannier E, Krause PJ. New England Journal of Medicine 366:2397-2407, 2012.
Standard clinical overview of human babesiosis: transmission, presentation, severity and treatment.
- Human Babesiosis in Europe
Hildebrandt A, Zintl A, Montero E, Hunfeld K-P, Gray J. Pathogens 10(9):1165, 2021.
European perspective: B. divergens, B. venatorum and B. microti, under-recognition and diagnostic gaps.
- Human Babesiosis: Pathogens, Prevalence, Diagnosis and Treatment
Ord RL, Lobo CA. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports 2:173-181, 2015.
Reviews why microscopy and serology miss low-level parasitaemia.
- Clinical Practice Guidelines by the IDSA: 2020 Guideline on Diagnosis and Management of Babesiosis
Krause PJ, Auwaerter PG, Bannuru RR, et al.. Clinical Infectious Diseases 72(2):e49-e64, 2021.
The reference treatment guideline used by physicians.
Co-infection and overlapping disease
- Concurrent Lyme disease and babesiosis: evidence for increased severity and duration of illness
Krause PJ, Telford SR, Spielman A, et al.. JAMA 275(21):1657-1660, 1996.
Co-infected patients had more symptoms and longer illness than Lyme alone.
- Coinfection by Ixodes tick-borne pathogens: ecological, epidemiological and clinical consequences
Diuk-Wasser MA, Vannier E, Krause PJ. Trends in Parasitology 32(1):30-42, 2016.
Co-infection with Borrelia burgdorferi increases symptom number and duration.
- Human Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti in the United States
Knapp KL, Rice NA. Journal of Parasitology Research 2015:587131, 2015.
Co-infection rates and the resulting diagnostic confusion.
- Human Co-Infections between Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Other Ixodes-Borne Microorganisms: A Systematic Review
Boyer PH, et al.. Pathogens 11(3):282, 2022.
Systematic review of documented human tick-borne co-infections.
- Tick-Borne Co-Infections: Challenges in Molecular and Serologic Diagnoses
Pathogens (PMC10674443), 2023.
Why PCR and antibody panels disagree, and how cases are lost between them.
Persistence and relapse
- Persistent and relapsing babesiosis in immunocompromised patients
Krause PJ, et al.. Clinical Infectious Diseases 46(3):370-376, 2008.
Documents months-long persistence and relapse after standard therapy.
Prevalence in Sweden and Europe
- Babesios vanligare i Sverige
Sveriges Radio, Vetenskapsradion Nyheter, 2019.
Reports Lund University findings that around 2.5% of blood donors showed evidence of exposure.
- Babesia-infektion kan vara vanligare i Sverige an vi tidigare trott
Svensson J, Lazarevic VL, Blackberg J, Olsson ML, Persson KEM. Lakartidningen, vol. 116, 2019.
Swedish clinicians argue Babesia is substantially under-diagnosed nationally.
- Fastingburna sjukdomen babesios okar
Lund University news, 2019.
Researchers estimate several thousand Swedish infections per year.
- Fastingarna som bar pa nya livsfarliga smittor
Sveriges Radio, Dagens Eko, 2023.
Swedish public radio on the widening range of tick-borne infections.
Treatment — pharmaceutical
- Atovaquone and azithromycin for the treatment of babesiosis
Krause PJ, Lepore T, Sikand VK, et al.. New England Journal of Medicine 343:1454-1458, 2000.
Trial establishing atovaquone + azithromycin as first-line therapy with fewer side effects than clindamycin + quinine.
- Tafenoquine for Relapsing Babesiosis: A Case Series
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2024.
Emerging salvage option for highly relapsing disease.
Treatment — botanical
- Botanical Medicines Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygonum cuspidatum, and Alchornea cordifolia Demonstrate Inhibitory Activity Against Babesia duncani
Zhang Y, Alvarez-Manzo H, Leone J, Schweig S, Zhang Y. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 11:624745, 2021.
Laboratory (in vitro) screen of 46 botanicals against B. duncani.
- In vitro and in vivo growth inhibitory activities of cryptolepine hydrate against several Babesia species and Theileria equi
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14(7):e0008489, 2020.
Animal and cell-culture evidence for a Cryptolepis-derived alkaloid.
Total references listed: 18. If you believe a source has been represented inaccurately, the papers are linked directly so the claim can be checked against the original.